Eletrocardiografia contínua (Holter) em cães saudáveis submetidos a diferentes exercícios físicos / Ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) in healthy dogs submitted to different physical exercises

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes cargas de exercícios físicos no comportamento da frequência e do ritmo cardíaco de cães saudáveis, ao longo das 24 horas de gravação Holter. Utilizaram-se 23 cães, sem restrição de sexo, idade ou raça, dos quais 15 foram submetidos a atividades físicas e pertenciam ao grupo controle. Os resultados mostraram alterações na frequência cardíaca durante as atividades propostas, em que se alcançaram 174±27bpm durante a caminhada leve, 148±30 durante a atividade com bola e 165±26 durante o Cooper. Ademais, observaram-se arritmias, incluindo bloqueios atrioventriculares e extrassístoles e maior número e duração de pausas (até 5s) em repouso, além de uma menor variação na frequência cardíaca (FC) durante o período de sono dos animais do grupo experimental. Esses eventos não foram observados no grupo controle, o que sugere que o exercício físico extenuante interfere na modulação autonômica do coração, podendo predispor a arritmias importantes.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different loads of exercises on the heart rate behavior and rhythm in healthy dogs, over the 24-hour Holter recording. Twenty-three dogs were used without gender, age or breed restriction, and 15 animals were submitted to physical activities and 8 were used as control group. The results showed changes in heart rate during the proposed activities, with 174±27 bpm while walking, 148±30 during ball activity and 165±26 during Cooper. Moreover, arrhythmias were observed, including atrioventricular blocks and premature complexes and a larger number and duration of pauses (up to 5 sec) at rest, and provided a smaller variation in the HR during the sleep period of animals from the experimental group. These events were not observed in the control group, suggesting that strenuous physical exercise affects the autonomic modulation of the heart, and may lead to important arrhythmias.

Efeito da associação de furosemida e fenilbutazona sobre variáveis hidroeletrolíticas de cavalos antes e após a corrida / The effect of furosemide and phenylbutazone association on the fluid and electrolyte characteristics of horses before and after a race

Verificaram-se os efeitos da associação de furosemida e fenilbutazona sobre variáveis hidroeletrolíticas de cavalos antes e após a corrida. Dezenove equinos foram distribuídos em três grupos, de acordo com os protocolos de tratamento. O primeiro grupo, de cinco animais, não recebeu medicação (grupo-controle); o segundo grupo, de sete animais, foi tratado com furosemida, na dose de 1mg/kg, por via intramuscular, até quatro horas antes do páreo; o terceiro, de sete animais, recebeu furosemida, por via intramuscular, e fenilbutazona, por via intravenosa, nas doses de 1,0 e 4,4mg/kg, respectivamente, até quatro horas antes da corrida. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas antes, imediatamente após e duas horas após o páreo, para avaliação da osmolalidade plasmática e das concentrações plasmáticas de sódio, potássio e cloreto. A utilização de furosemida e da associação furosemida e fenilbutazona até 4h antes dos páreos nas dosagens descritas alterou (P<0,05) a osmolalidade plasmática dos equinos, mas não alterou (P>0,05) as concentrações de sódio, potássio e cloreto. Os páreos alteraram de forma fisiológica a osmolalidade plasmática e a concentração sanguínea de K+ devido ao exercício de alta intensidade.

The objective of this study was to verify the effects of furosemide and phenylbutazone association on fluid and electrolyte balance characteristics of horses before and after a race. Nineteen horses were divided into three groups according to treatment protocols. The first group (five animals - control) was not medicated. A second group (seven animals) was treated with furosemide (1mg/kg, intramuscular up to four hours before the race). A third group (seven animals) received furosemide (1mg/kg) and phenylbutazone (4.4mg/kg), both intramuscular, up to four hours before race. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after and two hours after a race to evaluate the plasma osmolality and sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations. The use of furosemide and furosemide plus phenylbutazone up to four hours before the race altered (P<0.05) the plasma osmolality but did not change (P>0.05) the sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations. It was not possible to determine an antagonist effect of phenylbutazone on furosemide, based on fluid and electrolyte balance. Due to the high intensity exercise, the increase in plasma osmolality and potassium concentration was attributed to the race effect.

Hepatite granulomatosa em bovino causada por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Granulomatous hepatitis in cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Samples from intestines, liver, and lymph nodes were collected from a dairy steer with clinical suspicion of paratuberculosis. The samples were processed for histologic examination with hematoxylin-eosin and Zihel-Neelsen (ZN) staining for the detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB), and submitted to immunohistochemistry (IHC). Macroscopic changes were observed in the small intestines, with thickening and corrugation of the mucosa. The main microscopic changes were found in small intestines, lymph vessels in the mesentery, and mesenteric lymph nodes characterized by enteritis, lymphangiectasia, and lymphadenitis. Liver presented with granulomatous hepatitis, an uncommon histopathological feature for paratuberculosis. The clinical features associated with positive culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and detection of AFB by ZN and IHC in the cytoplasm of macrophages (epithelioid) in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa, lymph nodes, and liver were important to confirm the diagnosis of paratuberculosis.

Reproduction of Blue-black Grassquits in central Brazil

During the reproductive season Blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina) males are found in clusters, wherein they exhibit a distinctive display that consists of repeated, vertical leaps while simultaneously producing a brief vocalization. The main objective of this study was to describe details of the species' reproductive behavior in a "Cerrado" area of central Brazil and compare these data with some studies carried out in other areas. The data obtained concerning different aspects of nesting, laying and hatching were generally similar to those obtained in previous studies in other areas. However, we found that the typical clutch size of two eggs per nest is lower, and egg and nestling mortality rates higher in our area than what has been reported elsewhere. Our results suggest that males differ in time expended with different activities according to their reproductive condition and also provide extensive parental care. We found that display execution rates peak in the early morning and in the late afternoon and are higher in the middle of the breeding season. We also found that there is an inverse relation between the height of the display leap and the height of the perch.

Durante a estação reprodutiva, machos de tiziu (Volatinia jacarina) são encontrados agregados e apresentam uma exibição bastante conspícua, que consiste de saltos verticais associados a uma curta vocalização. Através de observações realizadas em uma área de Cerrado na região do Brasil central, este trabalho teve como objetivos detalhar alguns aspectos da biologia reprodutiva de V. jacarina e comparar tais dados com os poucos trabalhos existentes sobre a espécie. Os dados obtidos neste estudo com relação aos diferentes aspectos da nidificação, postura e eclosão dos ovos se mostraram semelhantes, em geral, àqueles encontrados em estudos anteriores, diferindo apenas com relação ao número de ovos por ninho (a maioria dos ninhos com apenas dois ovos) e às taxas de predação, que se mostraram mais elevadas. Os dados mostram ainda que machos variam com relação ao gasto de tempo com diferentes atividades de acordo com a condição reprodutiva e que os mesmos investem parentalmente. Foram encontradas ainda, que as taxas de execução de exibição são mais elevadas no início da manhã e no final da tarde, assim como também tem um pico no meio da estação reprodutiva. Encontramos também uma relação inversa entre a altura do salto da exibição e a altura do poleiro.

Genetic variability in maned wolf based on heterologous short-tandem repeat markers from domestic dog

The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest South American canid. Habitat loss and fragmentation, due to agricultural expansion and predatory hunting, are the main threats to this species. It is included in the official list of threatened wildlife species in Brazil, and is also protected by IUCN and CITES. Highly variable genetic markers such as microsatellites have the potential to resolve genetic relationships at all levels of the population structure (among individuals, demes or metapopulations) and also to identify the evolutionary unit for strategies for the conservation of the species. Tests were carried out to verify whether a class of highly polymorphic tetranucleotide repeats described for the domestic dog effectively amplifies DNA in the maned wolf. All five loci studied were amplified; however, one of these, was shown to be monomorphic in 69 maned wolf samples. The average allele number and estimated heterozygosity per polymorphic locus were 4.3 and 67%, respectively. The genetic variability found for this species, which is considered threatened with extinction, showed similar results when compared to studies of other canids.

Perfil de isolamento microbiano em cães com otite média e externa associadas / Profile of microorganisms isolated from dogs with associated media and extern otitis

Comparou-se o perfil de isolamento microbiano de amostras coletadas de cães com otite média (OM) e externa (OE) associadas. Sessenta e quatro cães com otite média e externa foram avaliados durante 10 meses. Amostras dos condutos auditivos externos foram coletadas com auxílio de swabs estéreis e aquelas do ouvido médio pela técnica cirúrgica da osteotomia da bula timpânica. Os microrganismos foram cultivados e identificados de acordo com os métodos previamente descritos, e a susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos avaliada pelo método de difusão em ágar estabelecido pelo National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Bactérias anaeróbias estritas não foram isoladas em qualquer amostra. Todas as amostras de OE mostraram crescimento bacteriano e/ou fúngico. Na OM, a positividade nas culturas foi de 48 por cento. Os microrganismos mais isolados na OE foram: Bacillus sp. (26,9 por cento), M. pachydermatis (22,2 por cento) e S. intermedius (21,7 por cento); na OM foram: S. intermedius (32,5 por cento), S. aureus subsp. aureus (22,5 por cento) e bacilos Gram-negativos não fermentadores (10,0 por cento). Observou-se alguma diferença no perfil de isolamento entre os quadros de OM e OE em 96,7 por cento dos animais. Verificou-se elevada resistência de cepas de S. intermedius à penicilina G, ampicilina, eritromicina, tetraciclina e clindamicina.

The isolation pattern of samples collected from dogs with both media (OM) and extern otitis (OE) was compared. Sixty-four dogs suffering from those conditions were studied over a 10-month period. Samples from the external ear were collected with sterile swabs while those from the middle ear were collected by osteotomy of the tympanic bulla. The microorganisms were cultured and identified according to methods previously described and to the susceptibility of antimicrobials according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards agar diffusion test. Anaerobic bacteria were not isolated in any sample. All samples from OE showed bacterial and/or fungal growth. Concerning media otitis, this percentage was 48 percent. The most common microorganisms isolated from OE were Bacillus sp. (26.9 percent), M. pachydermatis (22.2 percent) and S. intermedius (21.7 percent) and those from OM were S. intermedius (32.5 percent), S. aureus subsp. aureus (22.5 percent) and non-fermentative Gram-negative rods (10.0 percent). Some difference was observed in the isolation pattern between media and extern otitis in 96.7 percent of the animals. High resistance rates of S. intermedius strains to penicillin G, ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline and clindamycin were found.

Osmolalidade plasmática e osmol gap em eqüinos desidratados experimentalmente / Plasma osmolality and osmol gap in equines experimentally dehydrated

Dez eqüinos foram avaliados durante um processo de indução de desidratação para a avaliação da osmolalidade plasmática calculada (OPC), da osmolalidade plasmática mensurada (OPM) e do osmol gap. A desidratação foi induzida pela administração de furosemida, na dose de 1,0mg/kg, por via intravenosa, sendo utilizadas três aplicações (às 7, 15 e 23 horas) no primeiro dia de indução associada a jejum hídrico e alimentar com duração de 72 horas. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas para análises laboratoriais nas 0, 12ª, 24ª, 36ª, 48ª, 60ª e 72ª horas do período experimental. A osmolalidade plasmática foi determinada por mensuração direta (OPM) utilizando-se osmômetro e pela determinação das concentrações sangüíneas de sódio, potássio, glicose, uréia e OPC. Houve desidratação hipertônica leve e a OPC não foi eficiente em estimar a OPM em eqüinos desidratados. O osmol gap foi útil na avaliação de substâncias osmoticamente ativas não-mensuráveis no sangue.

Ten equines were experimentally dehydrated. Plasma osmolality calculated (POC), plasma osmolality measured (POM) and osmol gap were evaluated. The dehydration was induced by furosemide 1mg/kg bodyweight, intravenous injection (three applications at 7 a.m., 3 p.m. and 11 p.m.) in the first 24 hours associated to 72 hours of food and water fasting. Blood was sampled at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours of experiment. Plasma osmolality was evaluated by two ways: osmometry (POM) and the evaluation of sodium, potassium, glucose and urea concentrations in blood (POC). The osmol gap was calculated subtracting the values of POC from POM. According to the results, the equines presented mild hypertonic dehydration. POC was not efficient to estimate POM in dehydrated equines. Osmol gap was useful to determinate the presence of unmeasured osmotically active substances in blood.

Susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de bactérias isoladas de otite externa em cães / Antimicrobial sensitivity of bacteria from otitis externa in dogs

The occurrence of canine externa otitis in Fortaleza-Ceará is reported. About 91.5 percent of the animals with clinical signs were positive to bacterial culture. Among all infections, 49.5 percent were mixed infections and the most common pathogens were Staphylococcus spp coagulase negative or positive and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most effective antimicrobials for Staphylococcus coagulase negative were: the quinolones, the aminoglicoside netilmycin and the beta-lactams, excepted ampicillin, penicillin and oxacilin; for Staphylococcus coagulase positive were: cefotoxin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, imipenem, netilmycin and cephatoxin; for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were: ciprofloxacin, tobramycin and imipenem.

Pé diabético: epidemiologia da resistência a antimicrobianos de 61 cepas de Staphyloccocus aureus isoladas de 141 pacientes ambulatoriais / Diabetic foot: epidemiologia of the resistance isolated aureus the 61 antimicrobialses of cepas of Staphyloccocus of 141 ambulatoriais patients

Foram atendidos no Centro Integrado de Diabetes e Hipertensão do Estado do Ceará, 141 pacientes diabéticos apresentando úlceras infectadas no período de 01/03/2001 a 30/11/2002 e submetidos a um estudo microbiológico no Laboratório de Microbiologia do Departamento de Medicina Legal da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Staphyloccocus aureus foi isolado de (43, 2)dos pacientes. Das cepas de Staphyloccocus aureus 07 (11,5...

Chromobacterium violaceum genome: molecular mechanisms associated with pathogenicity

Chromobacterium violaceum is a versatile, Gram-negative beta-protebacterium that grows in a variety of ecosystems in tropical and subtropical areas, such as the water and borders of the Negro River, in the Amazon region of Brazil. Although it is a saprophyte and is generally considered non-pathogenic, sporadic cases of human infection have been described, mainly in young children and in immunodeficient individuals. Although rare, infections with C. violaceum are characterized by rapid dissemination and high mortality. With the complete genome sequence of C. violaceum now available, a detailed description of the molecular arsenal required for this bacterium's remarkable versatility has been revealed. Most importantly, a more detailed picture of its biotechnological properties, including the characteristic violacein pigment, has emerged. The complete genome sequence also enabled us to make a thorough examination of the repertoire of genes encoding probable virulence factors, which determine the potential for pathogenesis. We described a number of genes involved in infectious processes, such as host cell adhesion, [quot ]contact-dependent secretion[quot ] of factors that promote cell invasion, as well as other virulence factors, such as cytolytic proteins. We also described genes involved with the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides and proteoglycan, known to elicit the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and involved in the detoxification process, which may contribute to the evasion of the bacteria from the host immune response

Plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from diabetes foot infections in a Brazilian diabetic center

We bacteriologically analyzed 156 species of Enterobacteriaceae, isolated from 138 patients with community-acquired diabetic foot ulcers, in a prospective study made at a diabetic center and at the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, from March, 2000, to November, 2001.The samples were cultured using selective media, and identification, susceptibility tests and detection of plasmid-mediated-extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains were made with conventional and automated methods. The most frequently occurring pathogens were K. pneumoniae (21.2 percent), Morganella morganii (19.9 percent) and E. coli (15.4 percent). High resistance rates were noted for ampicillin, first generation cephalosporin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and chloramphenicol. ESBL-producing strains were detected in 6 percent of the patients. Resistance among gram-negative bacteria has become increasingly common, even in community-acquired infections

Perfil de isolamento e resistência a antimicrobianos de Fusobacterium spp. isolados do sulco gengival eqüino / Isolation profile and antimicrobial resistance of Fusobacterium spp. isolated from equine gengival sulcus

A total of 30 strains of Fusobacterium sp. isolated from gengival sulcus of 28 equines was studied in the period between January/1997 and April/1998. Bacterial isolation and antimicrobial resistance were determined by biochemical analyses and by the disk elution method. The species most frequently isolated was Fusobacterium nucleatum. The following resistance rates were observed: 10 per cent for penicillin G, 87 per cent for eritromycin, and 97 per cent for sulfonamide. Theses results emphasize the need for monitoring the susceptibility patterns of this important bacterial groups frequently isolated from normal sites in equines

Otite média crônica: perfil de sensibilidade de espécies facultativas e anaeróbicas prevalentes: estudo de 40 casos / Chronic otitis media: sensitivity profile of prevalent facultative and anaerobic species: study of 40 cases

Este trabalho apresenta um traçado do perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos das principais bactérias isoladas de exudatos purulentos de 40 pacientes com Otite Média Crônica. Oitenta e duas bactérias facultativas e aeróbias e sessenta e três bactérias anaeróbias estritas foram isoladas, tendo a infecçäo polimicrobiana predominado em 70 por cento dos casos estudados. Em ordem decrescente de freqüência, as bactérias mais comumente isoladas foram: Peptostreptococcus (13,1 por cento), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12,4 por cento), Bacteroides sp (8,2 por cento), Proteus mirabilis (6,9 por cento), Staphylococcus aureus (6,9 por cento). Prevotella melaninogenica (6,9 por cento) e Bacteroides do grupo fragilis (6,9 por cento), onde a espécie fragilis foi prevalente. Múltipla resistência aos antimicrobianos testados foi uma constante entre as bactérias aeróbicas e facultativas a resistência à oxacilina em 20 por cento das cepas de S. aureus estudadas foi constatado. Resistência à penicilina (100 por cento), tetraciclina (80 por cento) e cefoxitina (20 por cento) foi observado entre as espécies de Bacteroides do grupo fragilis

Tétano / Tetanus

Os autores apresentam etiologia, sintomas, diagnósticos, diagnóstico diferencial e tratamento do tétano, e chamam a atençäo para os dados laboratoriais, terapêuticos e o prognóstico da doença.

Osteomielite / Osteomyelitis

Os autores chamam a atençäo para a etiologia, as formas clínicas da doença, bem como para os aspectos do tratamento. Descrevem ainda os sinais radiológicos, a patogenia e o diagnóstico da osteomielite